Boosting Key Milk Nutrients May Help Lower

The report (ScienceDaily screen 1) mainly focused on the important contributions of vitamin D, calcium and magnesium in risk prevention for diabetes; most especially the type 2 diabetes. (qtd in ScienceDaily, screen 1)The language used is fairly comprehensive with the use of familiar words and with only a few technical terms. The author’s understanding of the previously reported findings is sufficient to allow him or to allow her to thoroughly explain the findings of the studies presented. In both studies conducted by Pittas et al. and Larsson et al., meta-analyses approaches were conducted to obtain the results. (qtd in ScienceDaily, screen 1) Studies performed were mainly based on American diet, therefore similar studies may be conducted to evaluate whether these findings apply for other racial and ethnic populations.These information would really be useful for individuals who have diabetes or are at risk of developing diabetes; as well as the general population for the prom otion of health and prevention of disease. However, to a reader without extensive nutritional background, results of this study may be misleading. The report may mislead by giving the reader the notion that drinking milk alone will be prevention enough against diabetes. Other preventive measures for diabetes should have been included in the report to avoid misinterpretation.Reference:ScienceDaily. â€Å"Boosting Key Milk Nutrients May Help Lower Type 2 Diabetes Risk†. (13 July 2007). 16 July 2007 .Web address: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070711001452.htmMore on: Diabetes, Dietary Supplement, Vitamin, Hormone Disorders, Nutrition, Osteoporosis Boosting Key Milk Nutrients May Help Lower Type 2 Diabetes Risk Science Daily — Most Americans fail to get the calcium and vitamin D they need, but this shortfall could be affecting more than their bones. It may, at least in part, be one reason behind the epidemic of type 2 diabetes, suggests new research conducte d at Tufts University. Drinking more milk — a leading source of calcium and vitamin D in the American diet — could help decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes by nearly 15 percent, according to the new meta-analysis and review published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (1).In the thorough analysis of previously published studies, the researchers found chronically low levels of vitamin D were linked to as high as 46 percent greater risk of type 2 diabetes. Yet boosting vitamin D alone would likely have little effect in healthy adults. Instead, the researchers suggested that a combination of vitamin D and calcium, like that found in milk, would have the greatest potential to help prevent diabetes, especially among those at highest risk for the disease.Examining the intake of milk and milk products specifically, the researchers found there was nearly a 15 percent lower risk for type 2 diabetes among individuals with the highest dairy intake (3-5 serving s per day) compared to those getting less than 1  ½ servings each day.Most of the studies assessed were observational and the limited number of intervention trials makes definitive conclusions difficult, yet the Tufts researchers suggest calcium and vitamin D may affect the body's ability to produce or utilize insulin, the hormone the body makes to process sugar that is impaired in those with diabetes and pre-diabetes.Beside calcium and vitamin D, milk is the primary beverage source of magnesium, which a second meta-analysis found may also reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes (2). The analysis concludes that for every 100 milligram increase in magnesium up to the recommended dietary intake, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes decreased by 15 percent.Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome (or pre-diabetes) affect a staggering 75 million Americans and death rates from diabetes have increased nearly 45 percent over the past 20 years, elevating the importance of finding new ways to treat and prevent this deadly disease.Milk is a primary source of calcium and vitamin D in the American diet. In fact, government reports indicate that more than 70 percent of the calcium in our nation's food supply comes from milk and milk products. Additionally, milk is one of the few food sources of vitamin D, which is fast emerging as a â€Å"super nutrient.†The recommended three servings of lowfat or fat-free milk provides 900 mg of calcium, 300 IU of vitamin D and 80 mg of magnesium daily.Reference:(1) Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. REVIEW: The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007;92:2017-2029.(2) Larsson SC, Wolk A. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2007. doi: 10.1111; epub ahead of print.Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by Weber Shandwick Worldwide

Philosophy Final Essay

Question One   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Plato’s work The Apology Socrates is on trial for three distinct things: Firstly, Socrates fell out of favor with the government (who were constantly berated for being ignorant by Socrates in a fashion) and so the sought to eradicate him by accusing him of not paying favors to the gods for whom the citizenry worshipped.   Secondly, Socrates was on trial for impiety.   Lastly, Socrates was on trial and sentenced to death for corruption of the young.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socrates attempted to defend himself in front of the Senate by using his famous Socratic method as revealed in Plato’s pages of The Apology.   He bantered and lead the court officials around in a dialogue fashion, asking questions in order so that they would have to answer them themselves and thus prove Socrates’ point in a question answer dialogue.   The dialectic art of arriving at the was the system Socrates used.   In this regard he would arrive at the answer by questioning the belief of engaged speakers in a philosophic circle, or in this case, in a courtroom hearing. Although this idea of philosophy may come across as non-confrontational,             Socrates used this method to verbally jab at the speaker until they themselves found fault in their philosophy, and through a system of negative or positive responses came to recognize the truth: Thus, Socrates sought to find justice for himself by only asking questions, leaving the answers up to the officials.   This type of philosophy has been likened to a cross examination present in today’s court rooms, where the person under oath is asked a series of questions that are both destructive and humiliating, until they are forced to acknowledge the truth, much like the arguments around Socrates. The aim of such confrontational questioning was always about finding the ultimate truth, but in this court case it seems that Socrates failed because the case eventually lead to his demise. Socrates believed that this truth seeking was the main goal of philosophy, and philosophical discussions, and he believed that everyone involved with the account was in pursuit of this goal as well:   It was this optimism that lead to his downfall in a way. Socrates could be considered a martyr.   It was his stand against the government at the time which lead to the eventual destruction of the Thirty Tyrants, but when democracy came back into place, they then chastised Socrates because of his pull with the younger crowd.   The definition of a martyr is a person who dies for a cause.   Socrates’ cause was for truth and wisdom; that is what he taught the crowd which followed him about the city (and which attracted the disfavor of the democracy who felt Socrates had too much power and sway over the citizenry and feared an uprising) and in the end, those were the causes for which he died. In The Apology Plato writes of a scene where Crito offers Socrates the opportunity to escape from prison, but Socrates forbids it stating that it would go against democracy for which he stood and it would be a deceitful act which is the opposite of truth, for which he based his philosophy.   Thus, Socrates is offered with a form of escape which he denies, thereby choosing death willingly for his beliefs, the true definition of a martyr.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socrates willingly or rather knowingly accepts his fate as governed by the ones whose democracy he upheld and it was through this act that Socrates was able to demonstrate philosophy in action. Question Two As to the existence of god, Descartes deems that this should be accounted for next to discovering what knowledge is. Descartes’ explanation of God and existence required an innate sense of the presence of God. He began by thinking that the cause of any idea is as real as the substance of said idea. Since his idea of a Supreme Being or god infinite, therefore the cause of this idea of infinity must also be never-ending and according to his belief, only the real god is boundless. Thus, the cause for the existence of god cannot be human beings because we are not infinite and we are mortal. There must be a cause of this Supreme Being’s existence which is outside the human race. Based on Meditation III, Descartes expressed â€Å"my idea of god cannot be either adventitious or factitious (since I could neither experience god directly nor discover the concept of perfection in myself), so it must be innately provided by god. Therefore, god exists.† It was Rene Descartes who delivered a â€Å"first systematic account of the mind/body relationship† (Descartes 1). Descartes’ dualism theory states that â€Å"mind is a nonphysical substance† (Descartes 1). Further, he differentiated mind from brain. He attributed consciousness and self-awareness to the mind while intelligence is contained in the brain. Descartes used his Meditations on First Philosophy to make certain what he is in doubt before regarding the existence of the mind and body. Because of this, he was able to take a hint that mind and body are two different things. He advocated that the â€Å"mind† is used for thinking, thus, it is immaterial and can exist even without the body. This immaterial and non-physical content of the mind then he called as the â€Å"soul.† And therefore, the mind is a substance distinct from the body, a substance whose essence is thought (Descartes 12). Based on this perspective, Cartesian dualism became a stronghold of future theories. It champions the idea of the â€Å"immaterial† mind and the â€Å"material† body. Even if these are two different entities, they interact to create actions and events reversibly involving mental and physical activities. Despite many non-European supporters of Cartesian dualism, this gave rise to the â€Å"problem of interactionism† wherein it averts the impossibility of interaction between an immaterial and material entity, the mind and body respectively. To defend these criticisms of Cartesian dualism, Descartes formulated an explanation through the pineal gland theory. This gland is located in the center of the brain between the left and right hemisphere, from which the â€Å"immaterial† mind and the â€Å"material† body purportedly interacts. However, this has remained a theory up to this time since Descartes failed to defend such idea of the causal interaction of the mind and body through the pineal gland. Question Three Kant’s deontology ethics involves the belief of actions being immoral despite the outcome.   Kant did not put faith in the consequences of people’s actions but the actions themselves; thus leaving the effect of a scenario out of the equation of morality.   This ethical stance was part of Kant’s philosophy and he believed that the absolutism of deontology was the correct course of action despite circumstances. For Mill on the other hand, his theory of utilitarianism was in stark contrast to Kant’s theory of deontology.   Utilitarianism speaks toward the action of a person directly results the outcome.   Thus, the truth is always the correct path in Kant’s philosophy while the outcome of a lie being the pathway to truth or justice is the course of Mill’s philosophy. In a situation where Kant and Mill were able to converse, there would be several issues on which they would agree, as well as many on which they would fervently argue. With Mill’s dedication to the understanding of natural sciences/economy, and his studies into the harm theory as it applies to humanity, he would be at odds with the strong religious conviction of Kant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Kant, the existence of God was the principle motivating factor of his studies. His work dealt with the â€Å"constructing an adequate theoretical argument for the existence of God†. (Rossi) His early work was founded on, rather than the proof of God as a being to be worshipped, the idea that God was fundamentally provable through mathematics. Kant will argue that the concept of God properly functions only as a â€Å"regulative† — i.e., limiting —   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   principle in causal accounts of the spatio-temporal order of the world. Kant’s critical philosophy thus undercuts what rationalist metaphysics had offered as proofs for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   existence of God. On the other hand, the critical philosophy does more than simply dismantle the conceptual scaffolding on which previous philosophical accounts of the concept of God had been constructed. (Rossi) To this end, Kant spent his life in study of the pursuit of finding God in science and mathematics that man had developed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Stuart Mill, on the other hand, felt that the harm principle was the ruling factors of world existence. John Stuart Mill’s argues in On Liberty that the use of the harm theory, or harm principle is that a state of government must ensure the quality of liberty just so long as the actions committed in the cause of liberty are not detrimental to the activists.   That is to say that the government may interfere in order to prevent harm.   The following paper will discuss Mill’s harm principle and its application to government in regards to restrictions and controls.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mill argues for the doctrine of liberty.   Mill means to define the role of a person in society and as such the limited amount of coercion consistent in society that should affect that individual, â€Å"No society in which these liberties are not, on the whole, respected, is free, whatever may be its form of government; and none is completely free in which they do exist absolute and unqualified† (Mill).   Mill is stating that although these qualities are liberty come at a cost in no society would they be considered free because of the forms of government in which the world adheres. Question Four Nietzsche restricts the presence of God in his equation by saying that the concepts of good and evil have changed with the progression of history and that these two paradigms of human behavior and secular code will continue to evolve toward the demands of a changing society. Nietzsche, therefore, makes the argument that morals are constructs of the times in which we will and have evolved much as human beings have over the ages, but that this is not necessarily a good thing because it is meant as a manner of preventing others from having control over us. This is because people inherently wish to exercise power over others and morals are a way of leveling things off so that the strongest members of society do not dominate, as Nietzsche emphasizes, The pathos of nobility and distance, as mentioned, the lasting and domineering feeling, †¦something total and complete, of a higher ruling nature in relation to a lower nature, to an â€Å"beneath†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is the origin of the opposition between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad.† (The right of the master to give names extends so far that we could permit ourselves to grasp the origin of language itself as an expression of the power of the rulers: they say â€Å"that is such and such,† seal every object and event with a sound and, in so doing, take possession of it.) (Nietzsche) In the Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche presents his idea about the morality of human beings and why it is flawed: Nietzsche begins by discounting many of society’s assumptions on how they function in life, as he believes that we tend to view things as having inherent meanings But all purposes, all uses, are only signs that a will to power has become master over something †¦with less power and has stamped on it its own meaning of some function, and the entire history of a â€Å"thing,† an organ, a practice can by this process be seen as a continuing chain of signs of constantly new interpretations and adjustments, whose causes need not be connected to each other—they rather follow and take over from each other under merely contingent circumstances. (Nietzsche) Nietzsche uses punishment as an example in this case, as human beings tend to believe that punishment is an action that happens to a person as a result of that person doing something that he or she deserves to be punished, although counter to this Nietzsche also states that suffering is meaningless and therefore, punishment may also with Nietzche’s own philosophy be meaningless. He would argue that punishment is completely separate from this, however, as punishment is very often used as a way of showing off one’s power or in some cases, as an act of cruelty. This suggests that the punishment does not always fit the crime, as the clichà © is written, so those two things should not necessarily be associated with each other. It cannot be understood how these two things are the same thing, so it is necessary to keep them separate. Nietzsche then continues this argument to show how morality has arrived at the point that it is at right now. Nietzsche argues that all of existence, especially in human beings, is a struggle between different wills for the feeling of power. This means that society wishes to have some sort of control over their own lives and also over the lives of others. This is why competition and the nature of this in man is so prevalent in society, Rather, that occurs for the first time with the collapse of aristocratic value judgments, when this entire contrast between â€Å"egoistic† and â€Å"unegoistic† pressed itself ever more strongly into human awareness—it is, to use my own words, the instinct of the herd which, through this contrast, finally gets its word (and its words). And even so, it took a long time until this instinct in the masses became ruler, with the result that moral evaluation got downright hung up and bogged down on this opposition (as is the case, for example, in modern Europe: today the prejudice that takes â€Å"moralistic,† â€Å"unegoistic,† â€Å"dà ©sintà ©ressà ©Ã¢â‚¬  [disinterested] as equally valuable ideas already governs, with the force of a â€Å"fixed idea† and a disease of the brain). (Nietzsche) It is all a competition to achieve this power, even if there is no physical reward for winning these competitions. Nietzsche shows the constant changing of the ideologies of good and bad by stating that in past generations, the concept of good was defined by the strongest people in society. In barbaric times, anything that the stronger members of society did was defined as good, while the weaker members of society were seen as bad. This is not something that we would agree upon today, but members of these past societies would not agree with the way we do things either. Therefore, Nietzsche believes that to give anything an absolute interpretation does not work because as the times change, so will this interpretation. It is wills which define this, so as wills change, so will the apparent truth. If it is truly desirable to have free will, therefore, a person must not believe in any absolutes, but rather view the world as a constantly changing place and let our wills define the things that are occurring around and in society. This includes looking at things from as many different perspectives as possible in order to decide contingently upon personal perspectives which viewpoint a person wishes to make. This can also be applied to morality as, since nothing is absolute, morals are constantly changing as well. Morality is not something that was passed down from God to human beings, but is rather something that has evolved and changed since the beginning of time and will continue to do so. The only thing that has not change in human beings is that they inherently have the desire to achieve more power over their fellow human beings, because of the existence of free wills. This means that the present morality that human beings possess has been born due to hatred for those things that are stronger in the presence of society. Nietzsche argues that a person will have fear of things that could possibly have power over them, so a person must have developed this moral code in order to protect themselves from the stronger members of society. Nietzsche believes that a person must embrace these animalistic instincts because a person is currently hurting themselves by repressing them. Work Cited Cooper, J.M.   Plato Complete Works.   Hackett Publishing Company.   1997. Descartes, Rene. n.d. â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy.† 10 March 2008 Mill, John Stuart.   Utilitarianism.   Online.   10 March 2008:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://ethics.sandiego.edu/utilitarianism.html Nietzsche, F.   Genealogy of Morals.   Online.   10 March 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://books.google.com/books?id=OwGPCsLiBlwC&dq=nietzsche+genealogy+of+mor  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ls&pg=PP1&ots=rTBJrGtorH&sig=vLolmBFHWUdXa7z8_CxzfIlj18A&hl=en&prev=h  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   tp://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   US:official&hs=ymY&pwst=1&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=Nietz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   che+genealogy+of+morals&spell=1&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail Rossi, Phillip. â€Å"Kant’s Philosophy of religion†. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. June  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2004. 10 March 2008. URL: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-religion/

To what extent can knowledge of tumour associated antigens be useful Essay - 1

To what extent can knowledge of tumour associated antigens be useful in the management of cancer patients Illustrate your answe - Essay Example The antigens are expressed in different categories depending on the gene mutation of proteins in the Tumour cells. These categories define the classes of tumour-Associated antigens, which are Unique Tumour Antigens, Cancer Testis Antigens, Differentiation Antigens, and over expressed Antigens in relation to T-cells antigens in cancer (Gires & Seliger 2009). Unique Tumour Antigens are specific antigens in the tumour cells recognized by CD4 + and CD8+ T cells as a result of gene mutation and fusion of proteins (Gires & Seliger 2009). These tumour antigens have specific expressions to the tumour cells from which the proteins are altered thus only a few are shared in different T-cells. Unlike Unique Tumour Antigens, Cancer Testis antigens go through additional mutations that bring about a restricted expression on cancer cells. These antigens encompasses a group of antigens recognized by CD4 + and CD8+ T cells and they are basically antibody target (Gires & Seliger 2009). Differentiation Antigens are characterized by malignant cells associated with cluster differentiation that are not particularly tumour related. They are directed towards specific antibodies in the same lineage rather than normal body cells (Gires & Seliger 2009). ... e, Cytotoxic T-cells detect antigens on Tumour cells, which can lead to cell damage when Cytotoxic T-cells secrets negative cytokines that destroys normal cells (Crowley 2011). Immunotherapy uses the same kind of approach since it kills small metastatic cells hence creating adaptive immunity when the antigens get to the body (Miermont 2008). Antigen- specific T- cells are introduced in the body through vaccines where Lymphocytes create a hormonal immune response by being activated to eliminate Tumour Associated antigens immediately they recognize invading antigens (Nagorsen & Marincola 2005). Tumour- Associated Antigens are helpful when it comes to human cancer management. The importance of these types of antigens is dependent on the type of cancer and the level in which it has been realized. It has been realized that tumour associated antigens are very attractive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to human cancer (UICC 2003). When applied especially when the cancer symptoms are n ot conspicuous, it can assist in revealing the areas affected by cancer cells. For example, Hodge, Grosenbach & Schlom (2002), expresses an experiment where they introduce vectors (antigens) in the body of a patient in form of a vaccine. These experiments are done using different antigens as a source of signal. The introduction of the antigens helped create immunity since it identified the specific areas affected. With introduction of antigens in different capacities, the immunity went on growing with each vaccine administered. According to Kumar (2012), cancer can be successfully treated by a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy and immunotherapy. Having knowledge about tumour-associated antigens can assist a patient to know the right combination for his particular

The American Experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The American Experiment - Essay Example Jurists make their deliberations under the cloak of secrecy hence it is very difficult to make out what happens in their discussion chambers. Legal policymakers have for a long time relied on untested intuitions on juries to make important decisions about both the scope and conduct of jury trials. However, empirical research on the functioning of the jury is gradually replacing this initial reliance on intuition, speculation, and anecdotes. There is a lot of information on the cognitive processing at trial as well as dynamics of jury deliberations. In their research study, Zeisel and Kalven try to explain why and how members of the jury make their decisions (Murphy, Pritchett, Epstein & Knight, 2006). The authors refer to the whole jury system as an experiment but unfortunately with the conduct of serious human affairs. They describe how the Judiciary picks members of the Jury as one of the factors that make it an experiment. The authors state that the random choice of the Jurists and then the abrupt dismissal at the end of a trial makes it all the more experimental. They argue that most of the Jurists are not usually well versed with law terminologies and despite the Judge’s warnings; most of them often make their decision way early in the pre-trial phase. Zeisel and Kalven further state that the confidence in the jury system shows that the emotional and social aspects of the Jurists’ human nature were implicit in the formulation of this democratic ideal (Murphy, Pritchett, Epstein & Knight, 2006). According to their research, Jurists use two main phenomena when making their decisions, that is the punished-enough theory and decisions that have race as their basis. On the punished-enough theory, the authors argue that most Jurists make their decisions basing on their emotions rather than logic and the legal instructions that the Judge reads out to them at the beginning of a trial. They further use actual court records

Satisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Satisfaction - Essay Example The other patients had diets that could not satisfy the purpose of the research. To this extent I can authoritatively note that the results of the survey are valid and reliable to the extent that they are an accurate representation of the patient satisfaction. The survey questions were categorized on a scale of 1 to 5. The scale ratings connotations were as follows; The average satisfaction rate was 5/5 though there were disparities among the patients in terms of the level of fulfillment. The quality of food was rated, as the highest score with an average of 5 that was a 100% approval. Most of the patients noted that they had enjoyed the breakfast meal provided in the morning, but had certain reservations concerning the timing. Close to 80% of the patients noted that they liked the menu being served in the hospital. The workers, especially the tray passers received a 100% approval rating with most of the patients, noting that they were the best caregivers. I found out that most patients with dementia, cancer or diabetic patients did not enjoy the meal as the regular patients. I asked the patients to give their opinion concerning the food that was being provided in the hospital and the feedback had interesting outcomes. Seven of the patients noted that the food in the hospital was better compared to the others. Four of the patients noted that th e food in the hospital was worse compared to other healthcare facilities. The remaining one patient did not have an opinion and therefore could not make a comparison. I believe taste and preference for food cannot be homogenous and therefore cooking for many people can only be standardized. The average stay for the patients in the hospital is not more than five days and to the extent the patients are only provided with a week’s menu. Every patient is provided with a week’s menu upon arrival. A number of patients complained of the soup not being hot, however, the time the soup is cooked and when it is served takes a

Discussions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Discussions - Essay Example The Roman Empire was extensive, but eventually in the 3th century ethnic and cultural forces divided the empire with the blessing of the imperial government into two political entities (Bentley, Ziegler, and Streets 67-78). According to Heather and Streets (2003), the Byzantine Empire owns is birth and transformation to Justinian. The empire in his time became different from the Roman political system and was replaced with new bureaucracy having power in royal palace over the ancient senatorial system. In the 7th century, the Greek language became official language of the state (Bradie and Michael 43-44). The Greeks continued to use a title of the Roman Empire for long time, nonetheless. But with the emergence of the Charlemagne who became the emperor of the large Frankish empire, the Greek descendant stopped to be seen as the continuation of the Roman Empire. The â€Å"byzantine term is rather new; nonetheless, since the 800 onward, the non-Greek world following Rome and Pope considered that restoration of the imperial title to the Frankish kings used own term on Greek state†. For example the 9th century writers and historians from Central and Western Europe refer to various monarchs of the Con stantinople as the emperor of the Greek (Sanders, Nelson, Morillo and Ellenberger 33-55). The empires loss of territory was offset to a degree by consolidation and an increased uniformity of rule. The emperor Heraclius fully Hellenized the empire by making Greek the official language, thus ending the last remnants of Latin and ancient Roman tradition within the Empire, Heather and Streets (2003). Islam means submission to Allah (God). Islam was revealed to the â€Å"Prophet Muhammad who lived from 570 CE to 632 CE in Mecca in modern-day Saudi Arabia. Muhammad was called to prophet-hood when God dictated the Quran to him through the archangel Gabriel† (p. 132). Two years later, in front of the Kaba in Mecca, he declared Islam the religion of the

Sustainable Supply Chain Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sustainable Supply Chain Discussion - Essay Example For example, the value stream mapping (VSM) allows identification of all processes performed during the production of specific goods or for performing specific activity. These mapping processes can be used to identify and differentiate between value-adding and non-value adding activities/processes. Secondly, all staff members should be trained on continuously identification of such non-value adding activities in order to maintain continuous improvement of these processes. 2. Considering the need for going green and the enormous issues that are challenging our environment, there can be numerous ways to contribute towards environmental sustainability. Firstly, the staff can be asked to plant more number of trees/bushes wherever possible. This can start from their homes; one day can be dedicated towards planting activities. These plants need to be cared for at least the first few weeks by these volunteers. Secondly, as an initiative at office, stationery used can be cut down. Stationery wastes could include pens, papers, wired equipment etc. All used/non-usable wired equipment must be sent for recycling. Also, storage of wired equipment must be reduced. Contracting with suppliers for supplying just-in-time can be of help during need.

Effect of Geology on Road Transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effect of Geology on Road Transport - Essay Example Effect of Geology on Road Transport Geological rocks cover most parts of the region, which makes it impossible for trucks to pass through for delivering sand and gravel. Poor drainage is another factor that contributes to the fact that trucks cannot be used to transport the products from Salt Ste. Marie to Ontario. Lakes and forests occupy a considerable part of the southern Ontario with widespread bogs. The shield of Canada appears flat in nature, but the south part is characterized by highlands elevated at a height of 2,275 feet. This makes it extremely costly to design roads that would facilitate access of Southern Ontario by trucks. The lowland of St. Lawrence located South east, comprises two sections that are St. Lawrence River valley and peninsular part located between Huron, Lakes Ontario and Erie. The Canadian Shield extension joins with the Adirondack Mountains in New York City. This makes it impossible to construct a road through where the trucks delivering sands would use. In addition, numerous rolling land levels characterize the lowland in southern Ontario where a number of escarpments exist along with steep hills. The Hudson Bay part of the southern Ontario lowland is plain and on the lower parts, that fringes James and Hudson bays northwards. The surface of this region is characterized by marshy and flat areas and comprises of marine deposits, which are elevated above the level of sea during geological period. Scrubby forests enclose most of the region with vegetation such as lichens, mosses vegetation, tundra, and other shrubs. Consequently, the terrain, surface structure, and forest in this region make it exceedingly hard for transportation of sand and gravel by trucks to the Southern Ontario, despite the high cost expected for the products in the region. The operators in Sault Ste. Marie overrule the transportation of sand and gravel to the Southern region because of the easy transportation of the products by trucks within the region of production. Climate is a crucial factor i n road transport. The southern Ontario is characterized by short summers and temperatures in the month of July averages from 55Â ° F in the Northern part to 70Â ° F in the extensive South. Humidity increase as one move to south, ranging from 380mm every year near Hudson Bay to 1010mm in southeast. Snowfall is substantial throughout the settled areas that average 71 to 121 inches annually. Consequently, trucks cannot travel in such a region because of the ice rocks and humidity. Security is a factor is considered while transporting products by road. The geology of southern Ontario region does not offer security to road transport due to the dangers exposed in travelling through forests by trucks. This is because 40% of the land is covered with forests. Most of the forests are a potential source of timber, but only the accessible forests are beneficial. Part B There are conditions that can facilitate routine transportation of sand from Salt Ste. Marie to Southern Ontario. Poor draina ge, in the southern Ontario, led to the emergence of Canadian Shield and the Great lakes; hence, water occupies a percentage of 20% of the region adequate to facilitate water transportation. The drainage in the Southern Ontario part is formed by rivers, flowing in the St. Lawrence region that includes Moose-Mattagami, Albany, Seven, and Attawapiskat. The plenty of rivers

Marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing - Term Paper Example Some of these issues include, waste and pollution. This survey indicates that, Fiji’s competitors in this filed, face similar environmental issues (Gary and Philip, 123). The study reveals the change of operation adopted by these firms such that, they could suit the consumers who favor environmental sustainable products. For instance, the firms have actively embraced packaging and shipping methods, which have proved to be ecologically friendly to the environment and suits the consumer’s choice of environmental sustainable products (Gary and Philip, 134). Furthermore, the consumers have begun raising eyebrows on the type and quality of bottled water companies’ produce, due to the continued urge of consumers to obtain healthier life styles diets. This study reveals that, all these factor or issues have affected Fiji Company. Additionally, negative press has adversely affected Fiji’s socio-economic conditions, which have made it hard for attaining a competiti ve market niche both locally and internationally. For instance, this survey indicates that, Fiji was compelled to lay off approximately 40% of the staffing resources (Gary and Philip, 136). This implies that, the existing limited resources at Fiji’s disposal, a going forward action plan should be embraced. It should be cost effective and extremely efficient. Following the status of Fiji’s position in the market niche, a quick, but more analytic and critiquing four prospective strategic options to develop a rational decision in a bid to revive the revamped Fiji’s brand have been forged. Supporting this plan with diverse marketing tactics and apt communication channels, would attempt revive Fiji’s fortunes in the growth trend. Current situation The artesian water that was founded back in 1953 in a state called Coloradoand characterizes Fiji Water Company. Fiji’s water was first produced and sold to the global market in1996. This product sourced from an island called Artesian, then packaged, shipped and sold to intermediaries across the globe (Gary and Philip, 138). This product sizing is done in diverse and appropriate sizes. This study reveals that, the product was introduced to the US market in California and Florida states. The current headwaters of Fiji Company are located at Los Angeles. Jon Edward Cochran heads it. It is significant to note that, Fiji Company is a fully owned subsidiary of Roll International Corporation. Roll international is private owned firm whose worth is approximately $2b. It has over 4000 employees in diverse industries, which include, consumer packed products, floral services and agriculture. This study reveals that, the acquisition happened in 2004, when it cost $50m (Gary and Philip, 134). It is significant, to note that, the initial year of Fiji’s acquisition was a gigantic success, which saw the company’s sales raise up to 50% mark. This was excellent, bearing in mind the massive concentration of the water industry. Company Analysis and market strategies Feet industry The overall beverage industry had undergone a cumulative increase of 30% sales increase from 2004- 2008, and it was listed to be worth $39b. For instance, it was able to sale approximately 4750m gallons in early 2000 and 9450 in 2008. Furthermore, the feet industry category opened up new customers up to 24 million (Gary and Philip, 134). Conversely, as the worth of the bottled water category raised steadily at an average of 50% between 2004 and 2008 saw a meager 9% increase in 2009. Segmentation Within the beverage

Video game console Essay Example for Free

Video game console Essay Too much of something can always harm you. This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in today’s world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different? According to Violent Video Games (2010), â€Å"playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered†. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word â€Å"video game† only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that â€Å"When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it†. Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, â€Å"Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal†. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer. Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), â€Å"It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world†. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their children’s video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you. This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in today’s world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different? According to Violent Video Games (2010), â€Å"playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered†. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word â€Å"video game† only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that â€Å"When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it†. Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, â€Å"Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal†. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer. Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), â€Å"It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world†. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their children’s video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you. This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in today’s world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different? According to Violent Video Games (2010), â€Å"playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered†. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word â€Å"video game† only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that â€Å"When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it†. Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, â€Å"Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal†. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer. Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), â€Å"It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world†. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their children’s video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you. This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in today’s world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different? According to Violent Video Games (2010), â€Å"playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered†. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word â€Å"video game† only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that â€Å"When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it†. Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, â€Å"Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal†. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer. Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), â€Å"It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world†. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their children’s video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you. This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in today’s world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different? According to Violent Video Games (2010), â€Å"playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered†. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word â€Å"video game† only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that â€Å"When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it†. Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, â€Å"Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal†. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer. Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), â€Å"It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world†. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their children’s video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you. This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in today’s world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different? According to Violent Video Games (2010), â€Å"playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered†. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word â€Å"video game† only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that â€Å"When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it†. Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, â€Å"Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal†. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer. Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), â€Å"It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world†. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their children’s video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you. This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in today’s world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different? According to Violent Video Games (2010), â€Å"playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered†. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word â€Å"video game† only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that â€Å"When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it†. Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, â€Å"Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal†. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer. Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), â€Å"It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world†. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their children’s video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you. This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in today’s world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different? According to Violent Video Games (2010), â€Å"playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered†. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word â€Å"video game† only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that â€Å"When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it†. Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, â€Å"Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal†. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer. Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), â€Å"It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world†. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their children’s video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you. This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in today’s world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different? According to Violent Video Games (2010), â€Å"playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered†. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word â€Å"video game† only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that â€Å"When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it†. Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, â€Å"Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal†. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer. Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), â€Å"It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world†. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their children’s video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you. This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in today’s world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different? According to Violent Video Games (2010), â€Å"playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered†. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word â€Å"video game† only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that â€Å"When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it†. Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, â€Å"Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal†. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer. Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), â€Å"It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world†. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their children’s video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes. Too much of something can always harm you. This rule also applies to video games. Playing video games too often and for too long can harm you in more than one way. Many people argue that video games are ruining the lives of many children in today’s world. This is because they have no restrictions on what they play and how long they play it. Many video games these days include a lot of weaponry and, and an objective that involves killing or having to injure someone. Of course it would be terrible if a child killed someone in the real world, so why should killing them in the virtual world be any different? According to Violent Video Games (2010), â€Å"playing violent video games can make some adolescents more hostile, particularly those who are less agreeable, less conscientious and easily angered†. The disadvantages that are so commonly packaged with the word â€Å"video game† only come out in a child with the excessive use of them. There are good and bad games, and good and bad ways to use them (Chatfield, 2010). Blake (2006) found that â€Å"When kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it†. Another negative affect that video games have on children is that they can put a bad image of women into their heads. Blake (2006) discovered that, â€Å"Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal†. This causes children to think of women as just good looking objects to have sexual relations with. Another disadvantage of video games is that it causes children to be isolated from the social world around them. Whenever they are at home the child will go straight to the gaming console or computer. Also, while they are at school or somewhere else outside of the house, all they can focus on is thinking about how they are going to beat that next level once they get home. According to Blake (2006), â€Å"It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world†. Video games can have many bad affects if not limited. It is crucial for parents to limit their children’s video game intake, in order to avoid the horrible affects that it causes.

Nestle Boxed Water Executive Summary Management Essay

Nestle Boxed Water Executive Summary Management Essay The main point of this report is to show how Nestle will implement their Boxed Water products in the United Kingdom for diversification of their product line. The report starts by giving some historical data about Nestle, and providing a list of products that Nestle offers to their customers worldwide. It will analyze the business proficiency of Nestle, and analyze the bottled water industry, supplemented by a further analysis of our competitors and the macro environment. It continues by discussing the business principles of the United Kingdom, and show some key business challenges for Nestle. Finally, the study recommends some suggestions to Nestle regarding the business principles and products required to achieve sustainable growth in the long run and the process of the manufacture and sale of Boxed Water in the United Kingdom. Table of Contents 1.0 Nestle Nestle is a well-known Swiss multinational company that specializes in nutritional food and consumer goods. The company is headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland, and was established by Henri Nestle in the year 1866. In its initial year they were named Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, and in the next thirty nine years the company would change their name twice. Finally, in the year 1905 the company changed their name to Nestle. Nestle is the largest food company in the world in terms of annual revenue, and also acts as major shareholder for LOreal (largest cosmetics company in the world). Nestle offers various products such as Maggi, Stouffers, Nespresso, KitKat, Nescafe, Smarties, Vittel, and Nesquik to global customers. Nestle employs more than 330000 people all together in over 150 countries, and has 461 factories established across the globe. Sales revenue for the company in the year 2011 was CHF 83.7 billion. Major milestones for the company can be summarized in the following man ner: Time Period Event 1866-1905 The Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company merged with Nestle. 1906-1918 Number of factories decreased due to world war I but the company started their operations in the USA. 1919-1945 The company launched Nescafe. 1946-1975 The company acquired Alimentana in order to gain access to Maggi products. They also became a major shareholder with LOreal. 1976-1980 The company entered in pharmaceutical market by acquiring Alcon Laboratories of USA 1981-1995 The company acquired American food giant Carnation to improve their bottom line. In 1986, the company entered espresso coffee segment by launching Nespresso. 1996-2005 The company expanded their operation in the segment of health, nutrition, and wellness with the help of series of acquisition. 2006-2009 The company acquired Medical Nutrition unit of Novartis. The company established shared value forum in New York. 2010-2012 The company launched Cocoa Plan in order to supply disease resistant plantlets to farmers. (Source: Nestle, 2012) 1.1 Nestle Bottled Water The bottled water segment contributes a significant amount of product diversification for the company. A way that Nestle has been able to maintain their dominance of the bottled water industry worldwide is through offering different brands of bottled water. Some of these brands are: Nestle Pure Life The company launched Pure Life in the year 1998. This product is currently being sold in over twenty countries. Perrier This is a form of sparkling mineral water. Nestle introduced this brand in order to enter the sparkling mineral water segment. Poland Spring This is the oldest mineral water brand in the world. Nestle has maintained the brand for many years. S. Pellegrino Nestle launched this brand in order to gain access to top restaurants in the world. S. Pellegrino is a form of drinking water mixed with minerals (Nestle, 2012). 1.2 Analysis of Product portfolio of Nestle Most people know Nestle by their brand and product portfolio. The product portfolio of Nestle can be summarized in the following chart: (Source: Nestle, 2012) The company maintains a broad product portfolio in order to compensate loss from any single segment. Sales volume for the company is increasing at a rate of more than 3% during the last few years. Segment wise product portfolio can be divided into three segments like food beverages, nutrition and ice cream. The company is always thriving to find excellence in product innovation and service delivery. The company achieved 7.7% of organic growth in the year of 2011 by maintain their large product portfolio. The following section will discuss about product innovation in Nestle. Segment Product Target Market Business Strategy Ice Cream Nestle Gold Portugal, Spain, and Greece The company collaborated with Haagen- Dazs in order to provide premium quality ice cream to customers and they did it in order to achieve product diversification Water Perrier 150 countries across the globe Nestle diversified their business into the bottled water segment. The company used a digital platform to engage customers with the Perrier brand Coffee Nescafe Alegria More than 60 countries The company launched an easy to use instant coffee machine to flip the brand. Pet Product Purina Netherlands , Austria and Germany Special TV commercial for dogs and dog owners. With help of this activity the company entered the web 4.0 era Nutritional milk MOM me South Asian countries They expanded their distribution channels by recruiting nutrition officers (Source: Nestle, 2012a) Top performing brands of the company have helped them earn respect from customers. The following section will discuss contribution of brands carried by the company towards overall organic growth. Overall Organic Growth 7.7% Nescafe Nan Milo Nespresso Pure Life Nido Maggi 11% 18% 13% 22% 11% 11% 10% (Source: Nestle, 2012) 1.3 Organizational Structure of Nestle (Nestle, 2012) D. P. Frick (Corporate Service Governance) J.-M. Duvoisin (Human Resource) R. Ramsauer (Corporate Communication) P. Bulcke (CEO) L. Cantarell (Nestle Health Science) P. Brabeck-Letmathe (Chairman) Executive Board (P. Bulcke, W. Bauer, J. Lopez, J. J. Harris, L. Freixe, C. Johnson, P. Bula, N. Nandkishore, W.L. Martello, M. Caira, J.-M. Duvoisin, K. Schmidt and D.P. Frick C. Johnson (USA Head) N. Nandkishore (Asia/Africa/Oceania Head) L. Freixe (Europe Zone Head) J. J. Harris (Nestle Water) M. Caira (Nestle Professional) K. Schmidt (Nestle Nutrition) W. Bauer (Technology, RD P. Bula (Marketing Sales) J. Lopez (Operation) W.L. Martello (Finance Control) P. Bulcke (CEO) 1.4 Global Presence of Nestle The company operates in more than one hundred and fifty countries. Recently the company has launched their nutrition product segment in the South Asian Market. Africa is also becoming lucrative in terms of nutritional product for the company. The corporation started their first global operation almost 100 years ago, and the business has segmented their international operation into two parts: developed market and emerging market. The following chart will explain the international business growth of Nestle. Developed Market Total Contribution to group Sales Organic Growth 60% 4.3% France 6.4% Portugal, Spain, UK 3.7% Japan 3.6% North America 2.5% Emerging Market Total Contribution to group Sales Organic Growth 40% 13% China 23% India 20% Africa 18% Mexico 14% (Source: Nestle, 2012) Global operation of the company understood with the help of zone wide analysis: 1.4.1 American Zone The American market is already saturated due to the presence of a large number of consumer durable companies. In this situation Nestle has diversified their business into the frozen foods and chocolate segment by launching DiGiorno and Skinny Cow to attract customers. The company also did partnership with Hà ¤agen-Dazs in order to increase variation in their ice cream products. In Latin America, the company performed well with their soluble coffee products and achieved double digit growth. 1.4.2 Europe Zone The European market is going through a financial crisis, so overall sales growth for the company has not been very attractive for last two years. In this uncertain period, Nestle has adopted an innovation strategy to counterbalance poor performance in their different product segments. Nestle has introduced an innovative product line: Nescafe Dolce Gusto, Herta, and Nescafe Sensazione, to attract customers. This strategy was successful for the company to fetch sales from east and central Europe. 1.4.3 Asia, Africa Oceania Zone The company has had a presence in this region for more than 100 years. Recently, they have celebrated their 100 year anniversary in the following countries: Turkey (1908-2008), Philippines (1911-2011) and India (1912-2012). Maggi and Nescafe are one of the most popular products in this region while the company extended their product line with Nido essential and Nescafe Milky in order to cater demand of people belong to the Afro-Asian region. The company recently launched their nutrition division to increase penetration in the region. 1.5 Mission Objective of Nestle The company always thrives for achieving leadership position in Health Wellness, and nutrition segment. Nestle also wants to be a reference in the industry for their financial performance. 1.6 Strategic Advantage of Nestle 1.6.1 Competitive Advantage The company has carefully designed their product portfolio in order to a maintain balance with market demand. The product portfolio maintained by the company cannot be easily copied by their competitors. The company has planned their product portfolio in accordance to demand of each zone such as America, Europe and Asia. The corporation invests large amount of capital on research and development to produce better products. The company already made an agreement with a renowned university to open a research division for their nutritional products. Nestle emphasizes on using local ingredients in their products in order to satisfy demand of local customers. For example, in Malaysia, the company introduced a nutritional product complemented with Asian ingredients such as ginger, Chinese red grass and ginseng to lure local customers (Oxford Business Group Malaysia, 2008, p. 132). The brand has presence in more than 150 countries. They have the opportunity to channelize revenue from strong business unit to a poor performing region. The company also adopted a parent company strategy to control business operations internationally. Nestle has opened multiple strategic business units (SBU) across the globe to expand their business (Pride Ferrell, 2007, p. 32). The company believes employees are their asset and treat them with utmost care. Nestle feels that their employees are their biggest strength. The company has also adopted green earth strategy to decrease their carbon footprint caused by their products, working with Forest Trust in order to prevent Deforestation and decrease carbon footprint in the supply chain (Emmett Sood, 2010, p. 192). The company has announced that they will use befouls instead of tree oils in their future products in order to make their products more environment friendly. 1.6.2 Growth Drivers The business has understood that the consumer food market is becoming saturated day by day due to presence of many players. Nestle has diversified their business into Nutrition Health, and Wellness segment in order to avoid saturation in food market. Nutrition segment is showing more than 20% growth rate for past three years, which is greater than their overall organic growth of 7.7%. The company has shifted their focus on emerging markets because developed markets are already becoming saturated. Nutrition product segment of the company has readily become popular in Asian markets, while Oceanic region has contributed high sales volume for the companys coffee segment. Nestle has recently launched instant coffee machine for customers in order to give them out of home consumption experience. Many schools, colleges, and offices have already installed instant coffee machine to enjoy Nescafe. The strategy helped the company to increase their brand equity among young people. The company adopted premium pricing for their products in order to show status and quality to customers. Customers purchase Nestle products in order to experience high quality products and they are ready to pay for it. 1.7 Shared Value Model for Nestle Shared value model for the company works in triplet format such as sustainable development in water management and nutrition products, protect environment, and maintaining ethical business practices. Stage 1 The corporation invested a huge amount of money in research and development in order to create nutritional products for customers. In recent times, the Vevey based company has introduced nutritional compass customers to measure the nutrition value of food. Nutritional compass is complemented with the nutrition information box, which indicates amount of specific nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, protein and sugars present in a Nestle product, as well as health related tips, and question boxes. In Poland, the company has partnered with two major retailers to provide health related advice to customers. Ninety nine percent of Nestle products contain nutrient specification in order to provide information to customers. The brand has opened rural factories in order to provide agricultural support to farmers. They have taken an open system approach to boost the growth of the rural economy. Nestle established factories in order to employ rural people and help farmers to sell their product without any middlemen. Survey reports suggest that the company is performing pretty well in developing nations to generate revenue and incentivize the morale of rural people. The company took various initiatives for water resource management. They have planned to implement aquifers, watersheds, and artificial river basins to create efficient water resource management. Nestle started water management initiatives by engaging stakeholders into multiphase pilot projects to increase sustainability of the development. (Sources: Nestle, 2011) Stage 2 Nestle has changed their supply chain management and product packaging in order to decrease their overall carbon footprint. The company uses 12% renewable energy in their factories and also they have planned to achieve zero wastage within the next two years. The company is using recyclable products for packaging in order to decrease plastic contamination and hazards. For example, the company used recyclable packaging products instead of plastic for Ninho caps in Brazil and Purina ONE packaged drinking water in France. The corporation not only reduced the use of plastic in their product, but also optimized environmental performance of the product. Nestle uses Global Environmental Footprint (GEF) and Packaging Impact Quick Evaluation Tool (PIQET) to measure the environment sustainability of bottled water. Environment impact of new packaging systems for bottled water can be analyzed by the following picture: (Source: Nestle, 2011) Stage 3 Nestle has established an Alignment board to measure quarterly performance share value objectives. This board acts as an Umbrella Corporation to design strategic implementation Shared Value objectives. The company implements leadership principles to design proper business ethics conduct. Also, United Nations Global Compact Principles helped the company to create a sustainable business environment. Nestle follows the United Nations guidelines for creating shared value in terms of labor law, human rights, corruption free business policy, sustainable environment, and other important issues. 1.8 Value Chain of Nestle (Bottled Water) 1.8.1 Source The company has developed spring water sites to source their water products. Nestle has transformed open land sources into spring water resources to strengthen their value chain. Generally, the business uses 87% of their spring water sites to source water products. 1.8.2 Manufacturing Nestle has implemented solar panels in their water plants in order to reduce energy consumption and maintain purity of minerals used in the manufacturing process. The company manufactures 98% of packaged bottles in their owned plants in order to reduce cost regarding transportation of empty bottles. The total manufacturing process saves 6.5 million gallons of fuel and eliminates more than 6,100 metric tons of CO2 emissions. 1.8.3 Packaging Nestle has invested a huge amount of capital to change packaging of the water bottles in order to create an eco-friendly bottled water. The corporation is planning to use paper instead of plastic to reduce the carbon footprint produced by their company. The Vevey based company has already introduced the Eco Shape bottle which contains only 60% PET plastic in order to save 250 million pounds of plastic per year. Nestle reduced the bottle size by 33% in order to save 10 million pounds of packaging paper yearly. 1.8.4 Transportation Nestle started to use hybrid vehicles for transportation in the year 2008. Heavy duty trucks and environment friendly trucks are used by the company for transportation purposes. The company has forecasted that they will reach 25% fuel economy within the next three years by using hybrid transportation models. 1.8.5 Retail Retail channels for Nestle water products are focused regionally in order to increase penetration levels. The company transports 90% of bottled water directly to the retailers in order to eliminate warehouse storage and costs associated with storing products. The whole process helped the company to reduce 10,900 metric tons of carbon footprint or carbon dioxide emissions yearly. Benefits of green value chain maintained by Nestle can be summarized in the following chart: (Source: Nestle-water, 2011) 1.9 Financial Performance of Nestle Total group sales for the company were $ 83.6 billion in year 2011 with an organic growth of more than 7.5% annually. It is interesting to note that the company has achieved annual sales growth in a multi-dimensional way without depending on a single product segment. The company achieved maximum sales growth from their nutritional product division. Operating profit has also increased to $ 12.5 billion with a growth rate of 15.0%. The company has also performed well in terms of shareholders value and return on investment. Shareholders return can be analyzed in the following table: Net Cash Returned to Shareholders Return on Investment Dividend per Share $10.7 billion 44.4% $ 5.9 billion through dividend $ 4.8 billion through share buy back 14.1% from goodwill 30.3% from external operation $1.95 + 5.4% (Source: Nestle, 2012) Financial statement of the company is explained in the Appendix A to C. 2.0 Global Bottled Water Industry Research scholars and market research reports suggest that the bottled water industry is dynamic as well as multidimensional. Global reports suggest various companies sold more than 200 billion water bottles in the year 2011. Consumer Food Companies such as Nestle or beverage giant, Coca-Cola, and many others have entered the bottled water market in order to explore business opportunities. Retail channel sales are growing at rate of 11% and analysts have forecasted that the market will reach $150 billion within next couple of years. Although bottled water market is growing at a steady rate, the penetration level is not homogeneous in the entire region. Customers prefer to drink mineral water in order to experience purity and freshness. Nestle also emphasizes on the purity of their bottled water in order to sell the item. Global players try to create their bottled water using underground aquifers, minerals, and springs in order to show purity. Nestle also did the same by changing their product line by adding minerals and aquifers in three of the products: S.Pellegrino, Perrier, and Poland Spring. Industry analysis shows that bottled water market can be segmented into three portions. 2.1 Product Characteristics Bottled water can be segregated into three types: Still (dominant with more than 70% penetration), Sparkling (penetration level is low such as 21%), and Flavored (near about 6% penetration). Nestle has maintained a product line complemented with Still and Sparkling category while they have not took any initiative to add flavored water in portfolio 2.2 Water Source Two types of water sources are available for manufacturers are chemically purified and natural spring water, and both are used in order to manufacture bottled water. Water sourced from natural spring has two subdivisions: Single Spring (bottled near the source location without any chemical treatment except filtration) and Multiple Spring (bottled far from source location after multiple chemical treatments). Nestle offers customers only Single Spring bottled water but they have a future plan of entering in the Multi Spring segment. 2.3 Marketing Channel Companies in the bottled water industry follow two types of marketing channel: on trade- off trade, or retail sales in order to distribute their products to customers. On trade channels focus on distributing bottled water directly to business, houses, hospitals, catering, and various event sponsors while retail channel focuses on tertiary sales. Global sales volume in terms of unit for on trade channel is only 16% but striking fact is that sales volume in terms of monetary value for on trade channel is 55%. These differentiation occurs due to the fact that water bottle price is three times higher in contrast to off trade channel (Gimeno, 2012). 3.0 Competitors Analysis 3.1 Danone Danone is the major competitor for Nestle in the water industry. The company is the market leader in Spain and United Kingdom for purified water business. Danone uses merger acquisitions in order to expand their business and they have achieved more than 24% market penetration by following the same strategy. The company maintains product portfolio complemented with Sparkletts, Alhambra, and Crystal in order to offer still and spring water to customers. 3.2 PepsiCo The company entered the packaged drinking water industry in the year 1994 by establishing cooperation with bottlers. The company provides spring, flavored, and still water to global customers. Aquafina is the major bottle water brand for the company while the brand has achieved more than 10% penetration in UK market. Distribution channels maintained by the company can be termed as their core competency. PepsiCo sells their water product in UK with the help of Directo Store Delivery Method (DSD) and also the company is planning for category extension in the sparkling water segment. 3.3 Coca Cola The company launched their bottled water brand Dasani in the year 1999, spending more than $20 million dollars in sales promotion and advertising to push the brand during its initial period. Coca Cola Enterprise (CCE) is also a big bottler worldwide. The company has launched their multi spring water brand BonAqua in European countries. Market share for the company in the UK is not more than 3%. Hence they have planned to increase market share by incorporating product differentiation in the future. 4.0 Analysis of the Packaged Water Industry in United Kingdom 4.1 SWOT The SWOT analysis method can be done in order to analyze business scenario for the packaged water segment in UK (Ferrell Hartline, 2010, p. 122). 4.1.1 Strength The lifestyle of people in the country is changing with time, and as a result, the demand for pure water is increasing. Packaged water gives people the opportunity to carry mineral water or sparkling water with convenience. 4.1.2 Weakness Companies need to find open water sources to manufacture bottled water, but availability of such resources is low in the UK compared to other European countries. Government is strict about environment norms and pushes foreign companies to decrease carbon footprint throughout business operation. Companies trying to expand business in UK need to redesign value chain in order to decrease environment pollution. Because of this, the Boxed Water product is fitting to combat this weakness. 4.1.3 Opportunity People in the country have become more health conscious in recent times due to the increase of epidemic diseases. The quality of open source water has also degraded randomly within the last ten years. Companies have the opportunity to manipulate market demand by offering mineral and spring waters to customers of the country, and it is Nestles opportunity to offer the Boxed Water idea to fulfill this demand. 4.1.4 Threat Multinational companies are facing threat from regional and small local players in the country. Many small level companies are counterfeiting and imitating product portfolios of large players such as Nestle, Danone, and others. Counterfeiters are selling products at a price lower than market average in order to spoil competition. 4.2 Porters Five Forces Porters five force model can be used to analyze bottled water industry in United Kingdom (Ahlstrom Bruton, 2009, pp. 131-140). 4.2.1 Threat of Substitute There is no substitute for water but the same cannot be said for bottled drinking water. Substitutes such as vitamin and mineral water, and single and multi-spring water can be termed as close competitor for purified bottled water. Tea, beer, and soft drinks are the distant competitors for packaged drinking water; therefore, the threat of substitute for packaged water is moderate. 4.2.2 Threat of New Entrants Threat of new entrant is low for the packaged water industry due to three reasons. Huge financial resources are needed to establish water plants and a wide distribution channels to retailers nationwide. Companies must have sufficient resources to offer high retail margins to distributors (industry average is more than 15% but Nestle offers 33%) in order to survive in market competition. Companies must have the capability to compete against multinational giants such as Coca Cola, PepsiCo, Nestle, and Danone to be successful in the long run. 4.2.3 Bargaining Power of Supplier Nestle uses their own hybrid transportation model in order to decrease dependency on suppliers. In general, companies manufacture and bottle their products near the water source in order to decrease stages of value chain. Large bottlers can purchase bulk volume of 1 liter, 2 liter or 5 liter bottles from manufacturers at minimal cost. Presence of many alternatives has decreased bargaining power of suppliers. 4.2.4 Bargaining Power of Customers Packaged water is seen as a basic product and price sensitivity issue of customers is not a major concern. This means that big brands such as Nestle can charge a premium price for their multi spring and single spring water segments. Bargaining power of customers is moderate for the industry. 4.2.5 Competition Market competition is high for the bottled water industry due to presence multinational players as well as regional sellers. They mainly compete in terms of retailer margin, product price, and product differentiation. Companies are investing a huge amount money in developing distribution channels while there is no doubt that beverage giants such as PepsiCo and Coca Cola have a clear advantage due to their long association with retailers. Nestle needs to design distribution network by maintaining equilibrium between on trade and off trade channel. Factors Threat of new Entrants Threat of substitutes products Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining Power of Suppliers Existing Rivalry Level of Impact High Medium Low 4.3 Porters Diamond Model Nestle needs to use porters diamond model in order to explore opportunity in the country (Walker, 2003, p. 177) Uncertain events such as Euro zone crisis can impede the growth of business Market competition in bottled water industry is high from both regional and international players Demand for packaged drinking water is high in the UK Nestle can use both skilled and unskilled labor for their business due to abundance of human resource pool in the country Presence of supporting players such as paper suppliers and other members of the value chain is abundant Government of the country provides tax exemptions to companies investing more than  £10,000 on research development 5.0 Why the United Kingdom?   Ã‚  Ã‚   There were three countries, each in three different continents that seemed very interesting for Nestle to introduce the idea of a new packaging, Boxed Water. The idea of boxed water consists of redesigning the container into a complete new design with no damaging chemicals for human consumption, and at the same time being better for the environment. The first country taken into account in this report is Singapore.   Singapore is one of the nations in the world with a well-established and efficient free-market economy. The government of Singapore has a significant control in most corporations, which constitutes about 60% of the GDP through business entities like Sovereign Wealth Fund. The country has a free business environment with comparatively low levels of corruption, transparency in management of public affairs and constant/predictable prices changes. Compared to other developed countries Singapore has low tax rates with a very high per capita GDP globally. Singapore has a very innovative and stable economy, which is merged with efficient economic planning under the Economic Development Board that helped to establish a free market. Moreover, Singapore has a port that is strategic enough to give it an edge over the neighboring countries that carries trade. Most of its labor comes within the population, which is owed to the efficient education policy in the country that produces skilled labor for the industries in the country.   The government

A Brief History of Lawrence Ferlinghetti :: Writers Poetry Poets Essays

A Brief History of Lawrence Ferlinghetti A prominent voice of the wide-open poetry movement that began in the 1950s, Lawrence Ferlinghetti has written poetry, translation, fiction, theater, art criticism, film narration, and essays. Often concerned with politics and social issues, Ferlinghetti’s poetry countered the literary elite's definition of art and the artist's role in the world. Though imbued with the commonplace, his poetry cannot be simply described as polemic or personal protest, for it stands on his craftsmanship, thematics, and grounding in tradition. Ferlinghetti was born in Yonkers in 1919, son of Carlo Ferlinghetti who was from the province of Brescia and Clemence Albertine Mendes-Monsanto. Following his undergraduate years at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, he served in the U.S. Navy in World War II as a ship's commander. He received a Master’s degree from Columbia University in 1947 and a Doctorate de l’Università © de Paris (Sorbonne) in 1950. From 1951 to 1953, when he settled in San Francisco, he taught French in an adult education program, painted, and wrote art criticism. In 1953, with Peter D. Martin, he founded City Lights Bookstore, the first all-paperbound bookshop in the country, and by 1955 he had launched the City Lights publishing house. The bookstore has served for half a century as a meeting place for writers, artists, and intellectuals. City Lights Publishers began with the Pocket Poets Series, through which Ferlinghetti aimed to create an international, dissident ferment. His publication of Allen Ginsberg’s Howl in 1956 led to his arrest on obscenity charges, and the trial that followed drew national attention to the San Francisco Renaissance and Beat movement writers. (He was overwhelmingly supported by prestigious literary and academic figures, and was acquitted.) This landmark First Amendment case established a legal precedent for the publication of controversial work with redeeming social importance. Ferlinghetti’s paintings have been shown at various galleries around the world, from the Butler Museum of American Painting to Il Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome. He has been associated with the international Fluxus movement through the Archivio Francesco Conz in Verona. He has toured Italy, giving poetry readings in Roma, Napoli, Bologna, Firenze, Milano, Verona, Brescia, Cagliari, Torino, Venezia, and Sicilia. He won the Premio Taormino in 1973, and since then has been awarded the Premio Camaiore, the Premio Flaiano, the Premio Cavour. among others. He is published in Italy by Oscar Mondadori, City Lights Italia, and Minimum Fax. He was instrumental in arranging extensive poetry tours in Italy produced by City Lights Italia in Firenze. He has translated from the Italian Pier Paolo Pasolin’s Poemi Romani, which is published by City Lights Books. In San Francisco, his work can regularly be seen at the George Krevsky Gallery at 77 Geary

Essay --

Thomas Peden Mr. Schoon World History 4 December 2013 Spartan Life In 7th century, Ancient Greece a fierce group of warriors called the Spartans were the best in warfare. But life for the Spartans was not easy. As infants their strengths were tested. Babies would be bathed in wine rather than water to test their reaction and the belief it will make them strong. If a baby were ill born it would most likely be left on a nearby hill or used as a slave. If the baby passed the inspection to see if it was healthy, it would be kept to soon become a warrior. The babies were taught to not fear the darkness or solitude, and frequently ignored when crying. At age seven Spartan males were taken away from home and put into military barracks, the young soldiers were instructed in scholastics, warfare, stealth, hunting and athletics. At age 12, recruits were deprived of all clothing except for a red cloak and forced to sleep outside on beds they made by themselves from reeds. To ready them for a life in the field, the boy soldiers were also encouraged to scavenge and even steal their food, though if detected they were punished. Spartans were encouraged to fight and inflict pain to fellow recruits. At age 20 Spartans had to a difficult test to graduate and become citizens. The soldiers received the aristocratic citizenship. If they failed the test they became middle class. Classes were based on accomplishment rather than birth. If the young men passed, they continued to live in the barracks and train as soldiers but were required to wed to produce new young Spartans. The state gave them land, which was tended by slaves. At age 30 the Spartans could finally live with there families, but they still had to train. Finally at age 60 a Spartan ... ...nd peace was maintained. The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily; they also resolved to take the war to the Athenians. The Corinthians, the Spartans, and others in the Peloponnesian League sent more reinforcements to Syracuse, in the hopes of driving off the Athenians; but instead of withdrawing; the Athenians sent another hundred ships and another 5,000 troops to Sicily. Under Gylippus, the Syracusans and their allies were able to decisively defeat the Athenians on land; and Gylippus encouraged the Syracusans to build a navy, which was able to defeat the Athenian fleet when they attempted to withdraw. The Athenian army, attempting to withdraw overland to other, more friendly Sicilian cities, was divided and defeated; the entire Athenian fleet was destroyed, and virtually the entire Athenian army was sold off into slavery. Essay -- Thomas Peden Mr. Schoon World History 4 December 2013 Spartan Life In 7th century, Ancient Greece a fierce group of warriors called the Spartans were the best in warfare. But life for the Spartans was not easy. As infants their strengths were tested. Babies would be bathed in wine rather than water to test their reaction and the belief it will make them strong. If a baby were ill born it would most likely be left on a nearby hill or used as a slave. If the baby passed the inspection to see if it was healthy, it would be kept to soon become a warrior. The babies were taught to not fear the darkness or solitude, and frequently ignored when crying. At age seven Spartan males were taken away from home and put into military barracks, the young soldiers were instructed in scholastics, warfare, stealth, hunting and athletics. At age 12, recruits were deprived of all clothing except for a red cloak and forced to sleep outside on beds they made by themselves from reeds. To ready them for a life in the field, the boy soldiers were also encouraged to scavenge and even steal their food, though if detected they were punished. Spartans were encouraged to fight and inflict pain to fellow recruits. At age 20 Spartans had to a difficult test to graduate and become citizens. The soldiers received the aristocratic citizenship. If they failed the test they became middle class. Classes were based on accomplishment rather than birth. If the young men passed, they continued to live in the barracks and train as soldiers but were required to wed to produce new young Spartans. The state gave them land, which was tended by slaves. At age 30 the Spartans could finally live with there families, but they still had to train. Finally at age 60 a Spartan ... ...nd peace was maintained. The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily; they also resolved to take the war to the Athenians. The Corinthians, the Spartans, and others in the Peloponnesian League sent more reinforcements to Syracuse, in the hopes of driving off the Athenians; but instead of withdrawing; the Athenians sent another hundred ships and another 5,000 troops to Sicily. Under Gylippus, the Syracusans and their allies were able to decisively defeat the Athenians on land; and Gylippus encouraged the Syracusans to build a navy, which was able to defeat the Athenian fleet when they attempted to withdraw. The Athenian army, attempting to withdraw overland to other, more friendly Sicilian cities, was divided and defeated; the entire Athenian fleet was destroyed, and virtually the entire Athenian army was sold off into slavery.