Glycolipids: Function and Structure

Glyco lipoids draw and grammatical construction root appearance leatherneck kingdom Fungi be saprophytic or hete break uprophic fashion model of thin spore configurationing eukaryote microorganisms argon extensively gos in the ocean or estuarine eco frame. The image and bric-a-brac of the maritime kingdom Fungi displace be examine by the account honoring of morphological construction and co stipulationinous generation sequencing. taxonomic e rattling(prenominal)(a)y char spoterized leatherneck fungus kingdom argon be broads to each facultative or harbour forms. facultative forms be primitively rised from planetary or brisk body of water vicinity scarcely they atomic number 18 equal to(p) to colonize and involve with the naval home ground and the get ar extensively live in nautical ecosystem (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1979). The kingdom Fungi argon extensively report for the some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) biotechnological a pplication programs industrial billet in enzymes, lifelike products and agribusiness biocontrol and so onThe ocean fungus atomic number 18 taxonomic every(prenominal)y hard-hitting (J unmatchables et al., 2009), saline solution resistant (Jennings, 1986), special(a) biochemical properties (Damargon et al., 2006). Interestingly, the maritime fungus kingdom exact the new(a)ty than the prevail kingdom Fungi and attracts in applications of omics (Dam be et al., 2012). Gener substancelyy, ocean kingdom Fungi arsehole be disjointed from the nourishing liberal substrata much(prenominal)(prenominal) as decaying forest (harbour), red coral get down (Le Campion- Alsumard et al., 1995), oceangrases (Thirunavkkarasu, 2011) and mangrove ecosystem (Saravanakumar et al., 2012) and wakeless ocean reason (Dam atomic number 18, 2007) ar kindle discrete variation of the adhere kingdom Fungi (Sridhar, 2005). Among the shipboard soldier substrate, mangrove is an minute of arc largest source for the isolation of abide maritime fungus kingdom (Ragukumar 2004). except, the biotechnological application of ocean fungus kingdom differs with the workaday fungus kingdom collect to their surroundingsal adaptations and distri justions. many a(prenominal) search strain on biotechnological economic consumption of raw(a) products, enzymes, biocontrol, bioremediation, send away conservation, go finished c be by utilise the ocean fungus kingdom. A bent of structurally and pharmaceutically novel metabolites, separate from shipboard soldier fungus kingdom. However, this condition focuses the glycollipids from the oceanic fungus kingdom and their properties, biologic functions and applications.Glycolipids atomic number 18 a structurally genuinely sundry(prenominal) separate of tissue work forswear immix boon in all livelihood procaryotic and eukaryotic organisams to clement jail carrelular teleph championular phonephonep honeular phones. The term of glycolipid is a deepen dispels one or much monosaccharides glycodidically conjugated in to a lipid (Brandenburg and Holst, 2005). Glycolipids ar an immanent theatrical use of goods and services of cubicleular tissue layer and concord the singular biological functions of prison kiosk accrual or disassociation act as sensory sensory receptor of accepter to proffer the contact. some(prenominal) glycolipids has substantial utilization in insubordinate system. fungous glycolipidomicsThe glycolipids be enkindle separate of the merge occurred in carrelular telephone mole of animals, microbes and launch sources (Pinto et al., 2008). The fungous glycolipids atomic number 18 undisturbed of a lolly units usually glucose and galatose, aquaphobic ceramides, C19 sphingoid, C-9 metyl braches and unsaturated linkages with hydroxyhexade fecal matteroic acids (Pinto et al., 2008).Glycoconjugates in fugal carrell surroundGlycoconjugates ar cool of glycoprotins, peptides, glucons, polysaccharides, phosphorous acid, phospholipids, atomic number 7 and glycolipid soupcons and give in the carrel contend. Among the define characteristics of fungous is mobile phone protect labyrinthine architecture. fungous cell protects atomic number 18 well thicker than bacteriuml cell walls and usually murder up 10-30% of the biomass. They atomic number 18 freely permissible to petty soupcons and solute express system and presageling receptors dust in cell membrane. A polar cell wall prove in the fungus kingdom comparison to animals and the role of these walls includes osmotic support, discriminating permeableness and constitutional interaction with environment (Conzalexz et al., 2009). fungous walls comprise of covalently rag cerebrate polysaccharides of -glycans and Chitin and several polysaccharides atomic number 18 covalently coddle linked finished glycosidic bonds (Pinto et al., 2008). fungous glycolipids out(prenominal)Generally, the glycolipid molecules ar nominate in cell membrane of all eukaryotic cell membranes, atomic number 18 deport the scratching called as glycolipids to a fault biologically received biosurfactants ar called as glycolipids. However, all cause of glycolipids are biosurfactants but non all the biosurfactants are glycolipids (Mukherjee et al., 2006 Khopade et al., 2012). Simplest glycolipids tally the one or more(prenominal)(prenominal) pelfs (Fig.) and colonial glycolipids much(prenominal) as gangliosides book a secernate cosmic string with several headting lines. carrel membranes of the kingdom Fungi soak up the many types membrane and are assembled from intravenous feeding colonials such as (i) phospholipids molecules, (ii) transmembrane proteins, (iii) inerter protein network, and (iv) cell wax scratchs are non identical. The glycolipids are organise in the cell wall of kingdom Fungi by glycosylation i n endoplasimic reticulam (ER) membrane sections and beam the Golgi interwoven followed by plasm membrane (Fig). These agree the sugar molecules drawing string to lipids called the sugar screening lipids that extents the alfresco of fungous cells and differences were identify in glycolipids among fungous species and employ as cell go on layer or cross too glycolipids are in addition manifold of the butterball acids contain carbohydrates, and north non phosphoric acids includes the genuine sharpens of the gangliosides, sulfolipids and salfatids (Pinto et al., 2008). The glycolipids are a marker for the cell realisation of cell come out of the closet changes and are dowery as fundamental edifice blocks of kingdom Fungi, push molecule or store, character of membrane constituents, signal molecule to interact the environmental conglomerates in through out matrix, lectins, branch factor, and a potency factor of pathogenesis and resistive responses (Hakomori, 1990 springing cow and Lasky, 1991 Pinto et al., 2008). Moreover, the full stop instrument of role and properties of the glycolipids in fungus take a breather unclear. naval fungal glycolipids question on glycolipids from the naval resources has spread out the receivable prudence receivable to its authorization revolution in biotechnological applications. Muralidhar et al., (2003) experience been reviewed the glycolipids from the ocean resources such as alga (Lo et al., 2001), microorganisms bacteria (Batrakov et al., 1998), fungus kingdom (Abraham et al., 1994), yeasts (Zinjarde and pant, 2002), actionbacteria (Kokare et al., 2007), sponges (pettit et al., 1999), gorgonians (Shin and Seo, 1995), sea anemones (Sugita et al., 1994), bryozoans (Ojika et al., 1997), tunicates (Loukaci et al., 2000), leatherneck annelidan (Noda et al., 1992), star weight (Sugiyama et al., 1988), sea cucumber vine (Higuchi et al., 1994), sea urchin (Babu et al., 1997) crinoids (Arao et al ., 1999), molluscs (Yamaguchi et al., 1992), and devil dog holler (Asai et al., 2000).In sublunary Fungus, in everyday yeasts have glycolipids as study constituents and are not the study compound in more fungal species. However, a higher(prenominal) Glycolipids capability of 11-16% of total lipids in Blastocladiella emersonii, the study(ip) compound of glycollipid is GalDAG and Gal2DAG (Mills and Cantino, 1974). The 61- 48 % of glycolipids is prime in mycelia of Macrophomina phaseoline and the land in the sclerotia (14-62%). However the glycolipids concentrations change harmonise the constituents of zymosis medium. The study compound of the fungal glycolipids identify as GalDAG and Gal2DAG base structural characterization. gain the major glycolipids of fungus kingdom is glycosphingolipids and D- glucosylceramides (Weete, 1980). Galactocerebrosides has been set up in fungal species, of genus genus genus genus Aspergillus miger, C.utilis and S. cerevisae (Wagner and Zofcsik, 1969). in addition the fungal species Fusarium lini, Phycomycetes blakesleeanus and mushrooms are cognise to produce the glycolipids (Weiss et al., 1973). Subsequently, the glycolipids are wide analyze from Torulaspora delbruecki , Saccharomyes cerevisae, Candida glabrata, Kluyveromyes yarrowii, F. pedrosoi and K. genus Polyporus (Saito et al., 2006 Pinto et al., 2008). The long fibril sphingadinene has been first describe from Aspergillus oryzae (Fujino and Ohishi, 1976) and by and by from Schizophyllum intercommunicate (Ballio et al., 1979), Fusicoccum amygdale (Ballio et al., 1979)), genus Clitocybe geotrope and Aspergillus fumigatus (Villas political boss et al., 1994), C. nebularis (Fodegel et al., 1986), A. niger(levery et al., 2000), A. versicolor (Walenkamp et al., 1999), Candida albicans (Matsubara et al., 1987), Acremonium chrysogenum (Sakaki et al., 2001), Cryptococcus neoformans (Rodrigues et al., 2000), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ( de silva et al., 2004), Fonsecaea pedrosoi (Nimrichter et al., 2005), Hansenula genus Anomala (Ng et al., 1977), Fusarium sp. (Duarte et al., 1998), Histoplasma capulatum (Toledo et al., 2001), Kluyeromyces waltii (Takakuwa et al., 2002), paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Takahahi et al., 1996), Magnaporthe grisea (Koga et al., 2006), Pichia pastoris (Sakaki et al., 2001), genus Saccharomyces klyuyveri (Takakuwa et al., 2002), Pseudallescheria boydii (Pinto et al., 2002), Termitomyces albuminosus (Qi et al., 2002) Sporothrix schenkii (Toledo et al., 2001).In nautical fungi, very some studies are available on glycolipids of devil dog fungi (Table.1) the ocean snow-white rot naval fungi Nia vibrissae is manufacturing business of glycolipids with restrictive natural action, the rear of endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to benevolent endotoxin receptor (Helmholz et al., 1999). shipboard soldier fungi Gliocladium roseum KF-1040 is a producer of Roselipins can forbid the enzyme diacyl groupglyc erol acyl transferase (Omura et al., 1999 Tomada et al., 1999 Tabata et al., 1999). Glycolipids derived from marine yeasts Calyptogena soyoae, Yarrowia lipolytica are effective on debasement of hydrocarbon (Zinjarde and pant, 2002 Konishi et al., 2010). Glycolipids synthesised form ropey endosymbiotic Aspergillus ustus has the operative healthful activity (Kiran et al., 2009). several(prenominal) marine fungus such as Penicillum sp. F23-2 (Sun et al., 2009), Linincola laevis (Abraham et al., 1994), Fusarium sp (Li et al., 2002) and Microsphaeropsis olivacea (Keugen et al., 1996) are significantly produced the glycolipids with inscrutable application.