Psychodynamic Perspective Essay

There atomic number 18 various different touch sensationeres in contemporary approaches. An approach is a perspective that involves assumptions round tender-hearted behavior, the way they single-valued function, which aspects of them atomic number 18 fit of mull over and what research methods be appropriate for undertaking this s house. There whitethorn be several different theories within an approach, but they all take these rule assumptions.You whitethorn be wonder why at that place are so many different psychology perspectives and whether unmatched approach is indemnify and others prostitute. Most psychologists would agree that no hotshot perspective is correct, although in the past, in the early days of psychology, the doingsist would sport said their perspective was the notwithstanding truly scientific one. Each perspective has its strengths and weakness and brings almostthing different to our intelligence of tender-hearted behaviour.For this reaso n, it is important that psychology does have different perspectives to the envisioning and study of human and animal behaviour. There are few clear explanations of common misbehaviour among secondary school students aged 16-19 years of age in terms of psychological theories. These explanations from the earlier psychologists able to make us understand much about gang fierceness that is increasing in follow nowadays.3.0 PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE3.1 DEFINITIONPsychodynamic referred to as an approach to psychology that speech patternes systematic study of the psychological gists that underlie human behaviour, feelings and emotions and how they might relate to early experience. It is specially interested in the dynamic relations amidst plastered pauperization and unconscious mind motivation.It is also used by somewhat(a) to refer specifically to the psychoanalytical approach developed by Sigmund Freud (18561939) and his followers, although much(prenominal) use becomes confu sing, because some of those followers, in particular, John Bowlby opposed the founding principles of Freuds theory, forming opposing factions. Bowlbys attachment theory, still described as psychodynamic in approach, is widely considered to be the basis of most current research and to have put the field of force formerly cognise as psychoanalysis on a more scientifically based,experi rationally testable, footing.The words psychodynamic and psychoanalytic are often confused. immortalise that Freuds theories were psychoanalytic, whereas the term psychodynamic refers to both his theories and those of his followers. Freuds psychoanalysis is both a theory and a therapy. Sigmund Freud developed a collection of theories which have create the basis of the psychodynamic approach to psychology. His theories are clinically derived for example based on what his patients told him during therapy.The psychodynamic therapist would usually be treating the patient for depression or fretfulness r elated disorders.Psychodynamic psychology ignores the trappings of science and instead focuses on nerve-racking to get inside the head of individuals in order to make gumption of their relationships, experiences and how they see the world.The psychodynamic approach implys all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious and between the different structures of the temperament. Freuds psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory, but the psychodynamic approach as a whole includes all theories that were based on his melodic themes, e.g. Jung (1964), Adler (1927) and Erikson (1950).3.2 PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE ASSUMPTIONS behaviour and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious motives. Behaviour and feelings as adults (including psychological problems) are rooted in our puerility experiences. All behaviour has a cause (usually unconscious), even slips of the tongue.The refore all behaviour is determined. separate of the unconscious mind (the id and super self) are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind (the ego). Personality is shaped as the drives are limited by different conflicts at different times in childishness (during psycho awakeual development). The unconscious is one of the most powerful effects on behaviour and emotion No behaviour is without cause and is therefrom determined. childishness experiences greatly affect emotions and behaviour as adults. Theid, ego and super-ego make up spiritThe drives behind behaviour area) The lift instinct and sex driveb) Death instinct and aggressive drive.Various conflicts throughout puerility development shape overall personality. The psychodynamic perspective asserts that in childhood sure incidents whitethorn occur that produce behaviours in adulthood. As children, defence mechanisms are utilized, then as adults behaviours manifest as a result. Examples of defence mechanisms t hat may be used include RepressionDenialReaction formationSublimation prominenceDisplacementRegressionFantasySome examples of behaviours and their explanations using psychodynamic perspective includeObsessive hand washing could be joined to a combat injury in childhood that now causes this behaviour Nail-biting may be caused by an anxiety inducing childhood event A childhood event that caused fear in an open space may induction agoraphobia in an adult Hoarding behaviours could be a result of childhood traumaNumber aversion can be an obsessive behaviour perhaps initiated by an incident in childhood development Rituals of skittishness such as completing a task a certain number of times (such as opening and closing a cabinet) could be linked to a childhood situation Skin picking is a compulsion that would be linked to a developmental trauma some other compulsive behaviour is hair pluckingCompulsively counting footsteps could be linked to an incident in childhood.Any irrational behav iours can be diabolical on childhood instances of trauma or development Neurotic behaviours can be linked to childhood development issues or interruptions Sexual compulsions or related versed behavioural issues are linked at the sexual development stage using the psychodynamic perspective.3.3 HISTORY OF THE PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVEAnna O a patient of Dr. Joseph Breuer, who is Freuds mentor and friend, from 1800 to 1882 suffered from hysteria. In 1895 Breuer and his assistant, Sigmund Freud, wrote a book, Studies on Hysteria. In it they formulateed their theory that says every hysteria is the result of a traumatic experience, one that cannot be integrated into the persons understanding of the world.The publication establishes Freud as the father of psychoanalysis. By 1896, Freud had found the key to his own system, naming it psychoanalysis. In it he had replaced hypnosis with throw in the towel association. In 1900, Freud published his first major work, The interpreting of Drea ms, which established the importance of psychoanalytical movement. In 1902, Freud founded the Psychological Wednesday Society, later transform into the Vienna psychoanalytic Society.As the organization grew, Freud established an inner locomote of devoted followers, the so-called Committee. Freud and his colleagues came to Massachusetts in 1909 to lecture on their new methods of understanding mental illness.Those in attendance included some of the countrys most important intellectual figures, such as William James, Franz Boas, and Adolf Meyer. In the years following the visit to the United States, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded. Freud designated Carl Jung as his successor to lead the Association, and chapters were created in major cities in Europe and elsewhere.Regular meetings or congresses were held to discuss the theory, therapy, and cultural applications of the new discipline. Jungs study on schizophrenia, The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, led him in to collaboration with Sigmund Freud. Jungs close collaboration with Freud lasted until 1913. Jung had become increasingly critical of Freuds just sexual definition of libido and incest. The publication of Jungs Wandlungen und Symbole derLibido, known in side as The Psychology of the Unconscious, ted to a final break.Following his emergence from this stopover of crisis, Jung developed his own theories systematically under the name of Analytical Psychology. Jungs concepts of the collective unconscious led him to explore religion in the eastside and West, myths, alchemy and later flying saucers. Anna Freud, Freuds daughter, became a major force in British psychology, specializing in the application of psychoanalysis to children. Among her best known work is The Ego and the Mechanism of Defence (1936).3.4 PSYCHODYNAMIC STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONSSTRENGTHSLIMITATIONSMade the illustration study method popular in psychologyDefence mechanisms thaw associationProjective Tests (TAT, Rorschac h)Highlighted the importance of childhoodCase studies are subjective and cannot guess resultsUnscientific (lacks empirical support)Too deterministic (little free-will)Biased sampleIgnores meditational processes (e.g. thinking, memory)Rejects free willDifficult to prove wrong3.5 PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE CRITICISMSThe greatest reflection of the psychodynamic approach is that it is unscientific in its analysis of human behaviour. Many of the concepts aboriginal to Freuds theories are subjective and as much impossible to scientifically test. For example, how is it possible to scientifically study concepts like the unconscious mind or the tripartite personality? In this respect, the psychodynamic perspective is difficult to prove wrong as the theories cannot be empirically investigated. Furthermore, most of the evidence for psychodynamic theories is taken from Freuds case studies, e.g.Little Hans, Anna O. The main problem here is that the case studies are based on studying one person in gunpoint and with reference to Freud the individuals in question are most often halfway aged women from Vienna for instance his patients. This makes generalizations to the wider population difficult. The humanistic approach makes the denunciation that the psychodynamic perspective is too deterministic that it is leaving little room for the idea of personal agency.3.6 PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF GANG VIOLENCEThe psychodynamic theory places its emphasis on the notion that one of the main causes of gang wildness is childrens deviate personalities that were created and developed in earlier life. Since then these unconscious mental processes have been restrainerling the adolescents criminal behaviour. The Id is the drive for immediate gratification and can explain gang military unit acts.The ego is the realization of real life and helps ensure the Id. Superego develops through interactions with parents and other responsible adults and develops the conscience of moral rules. This p sychodynamic approach states that traumatic experiences during early childhood can prevent the ego and superego from developing properly, therefore leaving the Id with greater power (Champion, 2004). According to psychodynamic theory, whose basis is the pioneering work of the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud, law violations are a product of an deviant personality structure formed early in life and which thereafter controls human behaviour choices.Unconscious motivations for behaviour come from the Ids action in response to two primal needs-sex and hostility. Human behaviour is often marked by symbolic actions that reflect hidden feelings about these needs. For example, stealing a car may reflect a persons unconscious need for shelter and mobility to escape from hostile enemies or perhaps an neural impulse to enter a closed, dark, womblike structure that reflects the earliest memories (sex).All three segments of the personality operate simultaneously. The Id dictates needs and des ires, the superego counteracts the Id by fostering the feelings of morality and businesseousness and the ego evaluates the reality of a position between these two extremes. If these two components are properly balanced, the individual can lead a normal life. If one aspect of the personality becomes dominant at the expense of the others, the individual exhibits abnormal personality traits.A number of psychologists and psychiatrists expanded upon Freuds original posture to explain the onset of gang violence among adolescents. Erik Erikson speculated that many adolescents experience a life crisis in which they feel emotional, impulsive and uncertain of their role and purpose. He coined the phrase identity crisis to denote this period of inner turmoil and confusion.Eriksons approach might characterize the behaviour of youthful drug abusers as an expansion of confusion over their place in society, their inability to charge behaviour towards useful outlets and perhaps their dependency on others to offer them solutions to their problems. Psychoanalyst, lofty Aichorn, found in his classic work that social stress totally could not produce such an emotional state. He identify latent delinquencies which means youths whose troubled family leads them to seek immediate gratification without consideration of right and wrong or the feelings of others.In its most extreme form, gang violence may be viewed as a form of psychosis that prevents delinquent youths from appreciating the feelings of their victims or controlling their own impulsive needs for gratification. Psychodynamic theory holds that youth fight in gang violence is a result of unresolved mental anguish and internal conflict. Some children, especially those who have been abused or mistreated, might experience unconscious feelings associated with resentment, fear and hatred.If this conflict cannot be settled, the children may regress to a state in which they become Id dominated. This regression may be considere d responsible for a great number of mental diseases, from neuroses to psychoses, and in many cases it may be related to criminal behaviour. Adolescents in gangs are Id-dominated people who suffer from the inability to control impulsive drives. Just because they suffered wretched experiences in childhood or had families who could notprovide proper live and care, causing them to suffer from weak or damaged egos that make them ineffectual to cope with conventional society.Adolescent antisocial behaviour is a result of feeling unable to cope with feelings of oppression. Involvement in gang violence actually allows youths to strive by producing positive psychic results, helping them to feel free and independent, giving them possibility of excitement and the luck to use their skills and tomography providing the promise of positive gain, allowing them to blame others for their predicament (for example, the police) and giving them a chance to rationalize their own sense of fall inure.T he psychodynamic approach places a heavy emphasis on the familys role. Gangs frequently come from families in which parents unable to provide the controls that allow children to develop the personal tools they need to cope with the world. If neglectful parents fail to develop a childs superego adequately, the childs Id may become the predominant personality force, the absence of a strong superego results in an inability to distinguish clearly between right and wrong. In fact, some psychodynamic view gangs as motivated by an unconscious urge to be punished.These children feel unloved, assume the reason must be their own inadequacy, thence they deserve punishment. Later, the youth may demand immediate gratification, lack of ruth and sensitivity for the needs of others, disassociate feelings, act aggressively and impulsively and dispute other psychotic symptoms. According to the psychodynamic approach, gang violence is a function of unconscious mental instability and turmoil.People who have lost control and are dominated by their Id are known as psychotics, therefrom causing their behaviour be marked by hallucinations and inappropriate responses. Megargees overcontrolled violent offenderMegargee (1966) documented a series of cases of gang violence carried out by people who were regarded as passive and harmless. For instance, an 11 year-old son who stabbed his brother 34 times with a steak knife was described as polite and softly spoken with no history of aggression. Megargee argued that such cases cost a distinct sub-group of violent offender criminological psychology. Psychodynamic theories of offending Aidan Sammons whose shared out characteristic is an apparent inability to express their anger in normal ways and who eventually explode and releaseall their anger and aggression at once, often in response to a seemingly secondary provocation.Freudian formulations like Megargees are unfashionable nowadays and more research attention is given to the majority of violent offenders, whose problem is broadly speaking a lack of inhibition of their anger, rather than too much inhibition. Nonetheless, there is evidence that a subset of violent offenders follow the pattern described by Megargee. For example, Blackburn (1971) found that people convicted of extremely violent assaults tended to have fewer former convictions and scored lower on measures of hostility than those convicted of moderately violent assaults. However, the existence of such a group does not in itself show that Megargee was correct about the underlying mechanisms responsible.